Con fecha 11 de octubre de 2016, en el CP Murcia II se reúne, a petición de parte de sus miembros y por primera vez, el Consejo Social Penitenciario Local, adscrito a dicho centro, para conocer la planificación anual de las acciones y programas terapéuticos a la reinserción desarrollados en el centro.
La presidencia es asumida por el titula de la Subdirección de Régimen, al encontrarse ausente el director del centro por estar disfrutando de un permiso de paternidad. Como secretario del Consejo se designa al titular de la Subdirección de Seguridad.
You are going to read a review of a book about sport and philosophy. For questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
Knowing the score
William Skidelsky reviews David Papineau’s new book, in which sport meets philosophy. David Papineau is an eminent philosopher and a passionate lover of sport. For much of his life, he has kept the two spheres separate, fearing that to mix them would produce a double negative in his readers’ appreciation of his work: philosophy robbed of its seriousness and sport of its excitement. Then, in 2012, a colleague invited him to contribute to a lecture series titled ‘Philosophy and Sport’, organised to coincide with that year’s Olympics. ‘I couldn’t really refuse’, Papineau recalls. ‘I had an extensive knowledge of both philosophy and sport. If I wasn’t going to say yes, who would?’
For his topic, he chose the role of conscious thought in fast-reaction sports, such as tennis, cricket and baseball. How, he wondered, do top tennis players like Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams use anything other than ‘automatic reflexes’ in the half-second (or less) they have to return their opponent’s serve? How do they choose to hit the ball this way or that, to apply topspin or slice? Thinking about this not only proved ‘great fun’, but allowed Papineau to come away with a series of ‘substantial philosophical conclusions’ about the relationship between intentions and action.
After this, the floodgates were open. Having breached his self-imposed division, Papineau set about applying his philosopher’s brain to a range of other sporting topics. Five years on, those inquiries have resulted in a book, Knowing the Score. This is essentially a collection of essays on whatever sporting questions happen to interest its author. It isn’t comprehensive, nor does it advance an overarching argument. The tone – informal, anecdotal, contrarian – is more popular philosophy than academic. What unifies the book is the consistency of its approach rather than of its content: he isn’t interested only in applying philosophical ideas and principles to sport. More importantly – and more originally – he wants to use arguments about sport as a launching pad into philosophy.
A good example comes in a chapter dealing with rulebreaking, in which Papineau sets off with a sporting example in order to draw parallels with broader contexts. He points out that what is acceptable in sport isn’t defined by the rules alone. Sometimes it’s usual to ignore them – as footballers do when they pull on opponents’ shirts as the ball flies towards them. Other actions stem from a sense of fair play – such as halting the game when an opponent is lying injured – rather than arising directly from rules. Rules are just one constraint on behaviour; all sports also have codes of fair play, which operate alongside the rules, and which, in some cases, override them. Complicating matters further is the fact that official authority ultimately has a force that is greater than both. Whatever a sport’s rules or codes specify, the referee or ruling body’s decision is final.
Papineau argues that there’s a ‘remarkably close’ analogy between sport’s multi-level structure and the factors that constrain us in ordinary life. In sport, you can ignore the rules and still play fairly, or obey the law while being thought a cheat; similarly, in a society, citizens can break the law and still do the right thing, or comply with the law yet still indulge in objectionable behaviour. A sport’s codes aren’t the same as its rules; likewise, in life, we draw a distinction between virtue and legal compliance. Papineau argues that we have no general obligation to obey the law; only to do what we think is right. Yet, saying that we’re not obliged to obey the law isn’t the same as saying that we don’t have a duty to respect the state’s authority. If people didn’t accept that police officers are generally entitled to tell them what to do, society might descend into chaos. Likewise, if footballers stopped listening when referees blow their whistles, the game would become a free-for-all.
Knowing the Score covers an impressive amount ofground. At a time when data analysis dominates ‘serious’ discussion of sport, Papineau’s faith in the power of anecdote and reasoning is refreshing. The author at times gives the impression of being the sort of person who knows he’s the cleverest in the room. For the most part, however, he barely puts a foot wrong in what is a blinder of a performance.
For questions 1–8, read the text below anddecide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning. (0)
Don’t miss the event of the year!
Now in its seventh (0)___season__ , this year, the Rogers Estate Festival starts a day earlier: on Thursday, which means visitors have a whole extra day to enjoy it. This showcase of art and music takes place in a (1)______ like no other, with the castle ruins in the background. This year’s line-up includes an array of talented actors alongside a very (2) selection of both local and international musicians and visual artists.
Visitors can take (3) ________ an impressive range of exhibits and experience both the permanent and (4) _________ collections through their five senses. In addition to large-audience sessions, there will be more intimate moments, including poetry recitals, (5)______ by soloists plus painters and sculptors at work. Last but not least, on Friday, we are in for a special (6) __________ . Belinda Wilde, our guest of honour this year, is (7) ________ her debut at the festival, giving us a preview of a new (8)______ of her famous symphony. If you still haven’t bought your pass to the festival, what are you waiting for?
For questions 1 – 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).
The oldest leather shoe in the world
Archaeologists (0) …report….. that a perfectly preserved 5,500-year-old shoe has been discovered in a cave in Armenia in south-west Asia. It is (1) …….. to be the oldest leather shoe ever found.
The shoe was made of a single piece of leather, stitched at the front and back, and was shaped to fit the wearer’s foot. It had been (2) …….. with grasses, either for warmth or to make sure it kept its shape. ‘The shoe is relatively small but we can’t say for (3) …….. whether it was worn by a man or a woman,’ says Dr Ron Pinhasi, an archaeologist on the research (4) ……… ‘We thought at first that it was about 600-700 years old because it was in such good shape.’
Shoes of this type from later periods have turned (5) …….. in archaeological excavations in various places in Europe, and shoes of a very similar design were still being used on the Aran Islands off the west coast of Ireland as (6) …….. as the 1950s. It’s (7) …….. a style which (8) …….. popular for thousands of years.
Read the following text and answer the questions below:
Play to win
16-year-old Harry Moore writes about his hobby, tennis.
My parents have always loved tennis and they’re members of a tennis club. My older brother was really good at it and they supported him – taking him to lessons all the time. So I guess when I announced that I wanted to be a tennis champion when I grew up I just intended for them to notice me. My mother laughed. She knew I couldn’t possibly be serious, I was just a 4-year-old kid!
Later, I joined the club’s junior coaching group and eventually took part in my first proper contest, confident that my team would do well. We won, which was fantastic, but I wasn’t so successful. I didn’t even want to be in the team photo because I didn’t feel I deserved to be. When my coach asked what happened in my final match, I didn’t know what to say. I couldn’t believe I’d lost – I knew I was the better player. But every time I attacked, the other player defended brilliantly. I couldn’t explain the result.
After that, I decided to listen more carefully to my coach because he had lots of tips. I realised that you need the right attitude to be a winner. On court I have a plan but sometimes the other guy will do something unexpected so I’ll change it. If I lose a point, I do my best to forget it and find a way to win the next one.
At tournaments, it’s impossible to avoid players who explode in anger. Lots of players can be negative – including myself sometimes. Once I got so angry that I nearly broke my racket! But my coach has helped me develop ways to control those feelings. After all, the judges have a hard job and you just have to accept their decisions.
My coach demands that I train in the gym to make sure I’m strong right to the end of a tournament. I’m getting good results: my shots are more accurate and I’m beginning to realise that with hard work there’s a chance that I could be a champion one day.
Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
This car runs on chocolate!
Scientists have built a 300kph racing car that uses chocolate as a fuel! The project is (1) ………… to show how car-making could (2) ………… environmentally friendly. The car meets all racing car (3) ………… apart from its fuel. This is a mixture of waste chocolate and vegetable oil, and such ‘biofuels’ are not (4) ………… in the sport yet. It has to be mixed with normal fuel so that all parts of the car keep working.
Carrots and other root vegetables were used to make some parts inside and outside the car. Even the mirrors are made from potatoes! The sides of the car (5) ………… a mixture of natural materials from plants as well as other recycled materials.
The project is still young, so the scientists have not yet found out how ‘green’ the car is. They are planning many experiments to compare its (6) ………… against that of normal racing cars.
Read the following text and answer the questions below.
A family of dancers
The women in the Watson family are all crazy about ballet. These days, Alice Watson gives ballet lessons, but for many years, she was a dancer with the National Ballet Company. Her mother, Hannah, also had a full-time job there, making costumes for the dancers.
Alice’s daughter Demi started learning ballet as soon as she could walk. ‘I never taught her,’ says Alice, ‘because she never let me.’ Now aged sixteen, Demi is a member of the ballet company where her mother was the star dancer for many years.
Alice’s husband, Jack, is an electrician. They met while he was working at a theatre where she was dancing and got married soon after. ‘When Demi started dancing, the house was too small for her and Alice to practise in so I made the garage into a dance studio. Now the living room is nice and quiet when I’m watching television!’ he says.
Last month, Demi was invited to dance in the ballet Swan Lake. Of course, Alice and Hannah were in the audience and even Jack was there, which made it very special for Demi. Jack says, ‘I’m not that interested in ballet myself but it’s fantastic seeing Demi taking her first steps with Alice’s old company!’ Demi was wearing a dress that Hannah made for Alice many years before.
‘It was very exciting for all of us,’ says Hannah. ‘Demi’s way of dancing is very like Alice’s. I know I’m her grandmother, but I think she has a great future!’